In American English, the final single consonant letter L after a short unstressed vowel sound represented by a single vowel letter is generally not doubled before adding ED or ING. Final single L in British English may also be doubled before ED or ING after some combinations of vowel letters. In British English, the final single consonant letter L is doubled before adding ED or ING regardless of whether the preceding single vowel letter represents a stressed or unstressed vowel sound. Rule: The final single consonant letter R that stands after the long stressed sound, , or represented by a single vowel letter in writing is doubled before adding ED or ING. Rule: The final single consonant letter standing after a combination of vowel letters (stressed or unstressed long or short vowel sound or diphthong) is not doubled before adding ED or ING. Worship – worshipped – worshipping (AmE also: worshiped, worshiping). Rule: The final single consonant letter that stands after a short unstressed vowel sound represented by a single vowel letter in writing is not doubled before adding ED or ING.įocus – focused – focusing (BrE also: focussed, focussing). Trek, trekked, trekking – to travel slowly or with difficulty, on foot or by ox wagon. Rev, revved, revving – informal verb "to rev": to increase the speed of an engine sharply Rule: The final single consonant letter that stands after a short stressed vowel sound represented by a single vowel letter in writing is doubled before adding ED or ING. (Spelling and pronunciation rules for the letter C as or are given in Spelling Patterns for Consonants in the section Writing.) Doubling the final consonant So, before adding ED or ING, final C changes to CK to keep the sound. But the letter C is pronounced before the vowel letters E, I. The final consonant letter C, usually in the suffix IC, is pronounced. Note: The other final vowel letters and the combinations "ow, aw, ew" do not change before adding ED or ING. Rule: If the final letter Y doesn't form a syllable (Y stands after a vowel), Y doesn't change before adding ED or ING. Rule: If the final letter Y forms a syllable (Y stands alone after a consonant), Y changes to I before adding ED but doesn't change before adding ING. Verbs like TIE drop the final letter E and change I to Y before adding ING. Note: Verbs like TIE drop the final letter E before adding ED. Note: Verbs that end in EE have the following spelling patterns for adding ED or ING. Rule: If the verb ends in the silent letter E, the letter E is usually dropped before adding ED or ING.
(The mute letter E at the end of the word is not taken into consideration in this rule.)Īfter a voiceless consonant: – baked, looked, lacked, jumped, stopped, laughed, puffed, passed, fixed, hatched, flashed.Īfter a voiced consonant or after a vowel: – robbed, begged, saved, called, learned, occurred, boomed, bathed, judged, seized, played, lied, toed, studied, mowed, weighed.Īfter the letters "t, d": – wanted, hated, started, counted, patted, added, needed, faded, folded. The ending ED has three variants of pronunciation depending on the sound or letter after which it stands. Note: In this material, the ing-form is translated into Russian with the meaning of the present participle. In certain cases the final consonant letter is doubled when ED or ING is added. The final consonant letter of the verb does not change when these endings are added (except C). The final vowel letter of the verb (E, Y) may change before adding ED or ING. The ending ING is added to verbs to form the present participle and the gerund, which are the same in form (-ing form) but different in meaning and function. The ending ED is added to regular verbs to form the simple past tense and the past participle. Difficult Suffixes of Nouns and Adjectives.Adding the Ending s/es to Nouns and Verbs.